Chalukyas:‌ ‌Karnataka’s‌ ‌Early Medieval‌ ‌Monarchs‌ ‌(Mid-6th‌ ‌To‌ ‌Mid-8th‌ ‌CE)‌ ‌

In the early 10th century CE, Persian historian Al-Tabari, in his magnum opus Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings), made a mention of an Indian king named ‘Furumisha’, who sent a delegation to Sasanian ruler Khusrau Parviz (r. 590 to 628). This delegation, besides people, comprised an elephant, a sword, a white falcon, a brocade coat woven with gold, and letters to the ruler and his sons written in an ‘Indian language’.

While we don’t know which Indian language Al-Tabari was referring to, we do know that the Indian king was the famous Chalukya ruler Pulakesin II. ‘Furumisha’ probably came from his title ‘Parameshvara’.